The President of India is the executive head of the Union. However, according to Article 74 of the Constitution, the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at its head. The President's executive powers include:

• Appointment of the Prime Minister and other Ministers: The President appoints the Prime Minister and, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoints other ministers.
• Appointment of Key Officials: This includes the Attorney General of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, Governors of States, Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, Chairman and members of UPSC, etc.
• Administration of Union Territories: The President administers Union Territories either directly or through an administrator appointed by him.
• Control over Certain Areas: The President can declare any area as a scheduled area or tribal area and has powers concerning their administration.
• Foreign Affairs: All treaties and international agreements are made in the President's name. The President represents India in international forums and relations.

The legislative powers of the Union are exercised by the Parliament. Key aspects include:

• Law-making: Parliament can make laws on any subject mentioned in the Union List (List I of the Seventh Schedule). It can also legislate on subjects in the Concurrent List (List III), but in case of conflict, Union law prevails over State law.
• President's Role in Legislation: The President summons and prorogues Parliament, dissolves the Lok Sabha, assents to bills, and can promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
• Powers related to Bills: Parliament can introduce and pass bills, including financial bills and constitutional amendment bills.
• Control over Executive: Parliament exercises control over the executive through questions, debates, adjournment motions, no-confidence motions, etc.
• Powers related to Union Territories: Parliament can create new states, alter the boundaries of existing states, and legislate for Union Territories.

The financial powers of the Union Government are crucial for its functioning:

• Taxation: Parliament has the exclusive power to levy taxes on subjects in the Union List. This includes income tax (other than agricultural income), customs duties, excise duties, corporate taxes, etc.
• Budget: The Union Budget, which contains the government's estimates of revenue and expenditure for the financial year, must be presented to and approved by Parliament.
• Appropriation Bill: No money can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed by Parliament.
• Contingency Fund: The President can make advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditure, subject to subsequent parliamentary approval.
• Borrowing: The Union Government can borrow money on the security of the Consolidated Fund of India, both within and outside India, subject to limitations imposed by Parliament.

The judicial powers of the Union Government are primarily vested in the Supreme Court, but the President has specific roles:

• Pardoning Power: Article 72 of the Constitution empowers the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against a Union law, or in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death, or in cases of sentences of military courts.
• Appointment of Judges: The President appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court, as well as Chief Justices and other judges of High Courts, in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
• Removal of Judges: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by the President on an address from both Houses of Parliament, passed by a special majority, on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.