This module delves into the life, philosophy, and enduring legacy of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. Understanding his teachings is crucial for grasping the core tenets of Jainism and its historical context within ancient India.

Born Vardhamana in the 6th century BCE, Mahavira was a prince of the Lichchhavi clan in Vaishali. Despite his privileged upbringing, he was deeply introspective and sought spiritual liberation. At the age of 30, he renounced his worldly possessions and embarked on a path of asceticism, dedicating himself to rigorous self-discipline and meditation.

For twelve and a half years, Mahavira practiced intense austerities, enduring hardships and meditating deeply. This period of spiritual struggle culminated in his attainment of Kevala Jnana, omniscience or supreme knowledge. After this enlightenment, he became known as Mahavira, meaning 'great hero,' and began to preach his doctrine.

Mahavira's teachings form the bedrock of Jainism. They emphasize a path of non-violence (Ahimsa) as the supreme principle, followed by truthfulness (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), chastity (Brahmacharya), and non-possession (Aparigraha). These five vows are central to the Jain way of life.

Jainism posits that every action, thought, and word generates karma, which binds the soul to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara). The ultimate goal is Moksha, liberation from this cycle, achieved by purifying the soul through adherence to the vows and practices prescribed by Mahavira. This purification involves shedding accumulated karma.

Mahavira's teachings provided a distinct spiritual and ethical framework that resonated widely in ancient India. Jainism, with its emphasis on asceticism, non-violence, and individual spiritual effort, offered an alternative to Vedic rituals and the emerging Buddhist philosophy. His followers organized his teachings into the Agamas, sacred Jain scriptures.