Sub-topic 4: Approach and Go-around Procedures
This module delves into the critical phases of flight involving aircraft approach and the essential procedures for a go-around. Understanding these procedures is paramount for safe and efficient airline operations, forming a core component of ATPL preparation.
The Approach Phase
The approach phase begins when the aircraft is established on a segment of the instrument approach procedure. It involves a series of precise maneuvers to descend from cruising altitude to the runway threshold, ensuring alignment, speed, and configuration are maintained within safe parameters. Key elements include navigation, altitude control, airspeed management, and configuration changes (flaps, landing gear).
Go-around Procedures
A go-around, also known as a missed approach, is a critical safety maneuver initiated when a safe landing cannot be assured. This can be due to various factors, including unstable approach, runway incursions, adverse weather, or equipment malfunctions. A prompt and correct execution of the go-around procedure is vital to avoid dangerous situations.
The 'decision altitude' (DA) or 'decision height' (DH) is the altitude at which the pilot must decide to either continue the approach or initiate a go-around. For ILS approaches, DA is barometric, while DH can be barometric or radio altimeter-based.
Factors Influencing Approach and Go-around Decisions
Several factors contribute to the decision-making process during approach and the potential need for a go-around. These include aircraft performance, meteorological conditions, pilot proficiency, and air traffic control instructions.
| Factor | Impact on Approach | Impact on Go-around Decision |
|---|---|---|
| Aircraft Performance | Determines achievable descent rates, stall speeds, and flap extension speeds. | Limits ability to climb and accelerate if approach becomes unstable or requires immediate action. |
| Meteorological Conditions | Affects visibility, wind, turbulence, and potential for wind shear. Dictates minimums. | Sudden changes (e.g., wind shear, rapid visibility reduction) are primary go-around triggers. |
| Pilot Proficiency & Workload | Requires precise execution of procedures and effective monitoring. | High workload or distraction can delay go-around initiation; requires clear decision-making. |
| Air Traffic Control (ATC) | Provides vectors, altitudes, and clearances for approach sequencing. | ATC instructions (e.g., 'go around') are mandatory; pilot may initiate independently. |
To ensure a safe outcome when a landing cannot be assured.
The visual representation of an instrument approach procedure on a chart typically shows a lateral path defined by waypoints and navigation aids, and a vertical profile with altitudes and descent gradients. The missed approach procedure is also clearly delineated, showing the initial climb path and subsequent navigation to a safe altitude or holding point. This visual structure helps pilots understand the intended flight path and the contingency plan.
Text-based content
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Advanced Considerations
Beyond the fundamental procedures, ATPL candidates must understand advanced concepts like wind shear avoidance, autoland systems, and the impact of various aircraft systems on approach and go-around capabilities. The interplay between automation and manual control during these critical phases is also a key area of study.
DA is used for precision approaches (like ILS) and is a specific altitude to decide whether to land or go around. MDA is used for non-precision approaches and is the lowest altitude to which descent is permitted without visual reference.
Learning Resources
The official FAA handbook covering all aspects of instrument flight, including detailed sections on approach procedures and missed approaches.
A comprehensive overview of go-around procedures, including common causes, pilot actions, and safety implications.
This chapter covers instrument flying, approach procedures, and missed approaches, providing foundational knowledge for pilots.
Official EASA resources for ATPL theory, often including syllabi and study guides that cover approach and go-around procedures.
A visual explanation of the go-around procedure, often demonstrating pilot actions and aircraft response.
Community discussions and expert answers on various aspects of go-around procedures and decision-making.
Articles and research from the Flight Safety Foundation on the importance and execution of go-around procedures.
A practical guide to understanding and executing various instrument approaches, including considerations for go-arounds.
Information on how air traffic control manages aircraft during the approach phase, which is crucial for understanding pilot-ATC coordination.
While focused on aerodromes, this document contains essential information on runway design and lighting that impacts approach and landing safety.