CFA Level III: Weeks 23-25 - Comprehensive Review
Sub-topic 4: Review of Equity, Fixed Income, Derivatives, Alternatives, and Portfolio Management
This module focuses on a comprehensive review of the core asset classes and portfolio management concepts essential for CFA Level III. We will revisit key principles, advanced strategies, and their application in constructing and managing investment portfolios.
Equity Investments Review
This section revisits fundamental and advanced equity valuation techniques, including dividend discount models, free cash flow models, and relative valuation. We will also cover equity portfolio management strategies, such as active vs. passive management, factor investing, and style analysis.
Fixed Income Investments Review
We will review the intricacies of fixed income securities, including bond valuation, interest rate risk management, and credit risk analysis. Advanced topics such as yield curve strategies, duration and convexity measures, and the pricing of embedded options will be covered.
Macaulay duration measures the weighted average time until a bond's cash flows are received, expressed in years. Modified duration measures the percentage change in a bond's price for a 1% change in yield.
The review will also delve into the management of fixed income portfolios, including immunization strategies, liability-driven investing (LDI), and the use of credit derivatives. Understanding the impact of inflation and monetary policy on fixed income markets is also critical.
Derivatives Review
This section consolidates knowledge on derivatives, including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. We will focus on their valuation, hedging applications, and use in speculative strategies. Key concepts like put-call parity, Black-Scholes model, and binomial trees will be revisited.
The Black-Scholes-Merton model is a foundational tool for pricing European options. It uses five key inputs: the current stock price (S), the strike price (K), time to expiration (T), risk-free interest rate (r), and volatility (σ). The model calculates the theoretical fair value of a call or put option, assuming efficient markets and no arbitrage opportunities. The formula involves complex mathematical calculations incorporating the cumulative standard normal distribution function.
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Emphasis will be placed on how derivatives are used to manage portfolio risk, enhance returns, and gain exposure to specific market movements. Understanding the mechanics of option Greeks (delta, gamma, theta, vega, rho) and their implications for portfolio hedging is paramount.
Alternative Investments Review
This review covers the diverse landscape of alternative investments, including hedge funds, private equity, real estate, commodities, and infrastructure. We will examine their characteristics, valuation challenges, risk management, and role in portfolio diversification.
Asset Class | Key Characteristics | Typical Role in Portfolio |
---|---|---|
Hedge Funds | Diverse strategies, often less liquid, higher fees, potential for alpha | Diversification, enhanced returns, risk management |
Private Equity | Illiquid, long-term investment horizon, active management, high potential returns | Long-term growth, diversification, potential for significant capital appreciation |
Real Estate | Tangible asset, income generation, capital appreciation, illiquid | Diversification, inflation hedge, income generation |
Commodities | Volatile, driven by supply/demand, inflation hedge | Diversification, inflation hedge, speculative opportunities |
Understanding the due diligence process for alternative investments, including operational risks and manager selection, is crucial for Level III candidates.
Portfolio Management Review
The culmination of the review is a deep dive into portfolio management principles. This includes revisiting the investment policy statement (IPS), asset allocation strategies, risk management frameworks, and performance evaluation. We will also focus on the practical application of these concepts in constructing and managing portfolios for various client types.
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Key areas include understanding the client's objectives, constraints, and risk tolerance to develop a suitable IPS. Asset allocation will be examined through various models, including mean-variance optimization and Black-Litterman. Performance attribution and benchmarking will be critical for evaluating the success of investment strategies.
Remember that at Level III, the emphasis is on the practical application of these concepts in real-world portfolio management scenarios, often involving complex client situations and ethical considerations.
Learning Resources
The official curriculum is the primary source for all CFA Level III topics. It provides detailed explanations, examples, and practice questions.
Investopedia offers comprehensive articles and guides covering key CFA Level III topics, including equity, fixed income, and derivatives.
CFI provides free learning materials, including articles and videos, that break down complex CFA Level III concepts.
Search for reputable channels offering video reviews of equity investments for CFA Level III. (Note: Specific video URL may vary, search for 'CFA Level III Equity Review' on YouTube).
Find video tutorials explaining advanced fixed income concepts relevant to CFA Level III. (Note: Specific video URL may vary, search for 'CFA Level III Fixed Income Review' on YouTube).
Watch video explanations of derivative pricing and hedging strategies for CFA Level III. (Note: Specific video URL may vary, search for 'CFA Level III Derivatives Review' on YouTube).
Explore video content that covers the characteristics and applications of alternative investments in portfolio management. (Note: Specific video URL may vary, search for 'CFA Level III Alternative Investments Review' on YouTube).
Access video lectures that consolidate portfolio management principles for CFA Level III. (Note: Specific video URL may vary, search for 'CFA Level III Portfolio Management Review' on YouTube).
Wall Street Prep offers structured courses and resources that can supplement your CFA Level III preparation, focusing on practical application.
While not CFA-specific, Khan Academy's finance section provides foundational knowledge on many topics covered in CFA Level III, useful for reinforcing core concepts.