Effective disaster management relies on the coordinated efforts of various agencies at national, state, and local levels. Understanding their distinct roles and responsibilities is crucial for a comprehensive and efficient response to any disaster.

At the apex of disaster management in India is the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). It formulates policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management and coordinates their implementation. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) plays a pivotal role in disaster response, providing financial assistance and coordinating central government efforts. Other ministries like Defence, Health, and Communications also have specific roles during emergencies.

State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) are responsible for disaster management within their respective states. They prepare state disaster management plans, coordinate with district authorities, and ensure the implementation of mitigation and preparedness measures. The State Revenue Department often acts as the nodal department for disaster management.

The District Collector or Magistrate is the key figure at the district level, heading the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). They are responsible for implementing disaster management plans, coordinating rescue and relief operations, and managing resources at the ground level. Local police, fire services, and health departments are crucial components of the district-level response.

Several specialized agencies and forces are integral to disaster management, particularly during response and rescue operations. These include:

• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): A specialized force trained for search and rescue operations in collapsed structures and natural calamities.
• Armed Forces: Provide logistical support, transportation, medical aid, and manpower during large-scale disasters.
• Paramilitary Forces: Assist in maintaining law and order, evacuation, and providing security.
• Fire Services: Crucial for firefighting and rescue operations.
• Health Services: Provide immediate medical attention, manage public health issues, and prevent outbreaks.

NGOs play a vital role in disaster management, often filling gaps in government efforts, especially in relief and rehabilitation. They bring specialized skills, community reach, and can mobilize volunteers effectively. Community-based disaster management committees and local volunteers are essential for early warning dissemination, evacuation, and immediate local response, fostering resilience from the grassroots.

In the event of catastrophic disasters, international cooperation becomes crucial. This can involve receiving financial aid, technical expertise, and specialized rescue teams from other countries or international organizations like the United Nations. India also participates in international disaster response efforts.

When answering questions related to disaster management in UPSC Mains, remember to highlight the multi-agency approach. Emphasize the hierarchical structure from national to local levels and the specific contributions of each tier. Also, acknowledge the indispensable role of specialized forces, NGOs, and community participation in building a robust disaster management framework.